Hydrothermal Vents Early Life Theories

It is still unclear as to how life on Earth began. There are many competing theories out there ranging from the Panspermia Theory to the proven incorrect Primordial Soup experiments. One of the newest theories is that life began in hydrothermal vents. What Are Hydrothermal Vents? Hydrothermal vents are structures in the bottom of the ocean that have extreme conditions. There are extreme heat and extreme pressure in and around these vents. Since sunlight cannot reach to the depths of these structures, there had to be another energy source for early life that may have formed there. The current form of the vents contain chemicals that lend themselves to chemosynthesis—a way for organisms to create their own energy similar to photosynthesis that uses chemicals instead of sunlight to make energy. The Severest of Conditions These types of organisms are extremophiles that can live in the severest of conditions. The hydrothermal vents are very hot, hence the word thermal in the name. They also tend to be acidic, which is usually harmful to life. However, life that lives in and near these vents have adaptations that make them able to live, and even thrive, in these harsh conditions. The Archaea Domain Archaea live and thrive in and near these vents. Since this Domain of life tends to be considered the most primitive of organisms, it is not a stretch to believe they were the first to populate the Earth. Conditions are just right in the hydrothermal vents to keep the Archaea alive and reproducing. With the amount of heat and pressure in these areas, along with the types of chemicals available, life can be created and changed relatively quickly. Scientists have also traced the DNA of all currently living organisms back to a common ancestor extremophile that would have been found in the hydrothermal vents. The species contained within the Archaea domain are also thought by scientists to be the precursors for eukaryotic organisms. DNA analysis of these extremophiles shows that these singled cell organisms are actually more similar to a eukaryotic cell and the Eukarya domain than the other single-celled organisms that make up the Bacteria domain. One Hypothesis Begins With Archaea One hypothesis about how life evolved begins with Archaea in the hydrothermal vents. Eventually, these types of single-celled organisms became colonial organisms. Over time, one of the larger unicellular organisms engulfed other single-celled organisms which then evolved to become organelles within the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells in multicellular organisms were then free to differentiate and perform specialized functions. This theory of how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes is called the endosymbiotic theory and was first proposed by American scientist Lynn Margulis. With a lot of data to back it up, including DNA analysis that links current organelles within eukaryotic cells to ancient prokaryotic cells, the Endosymbiotic Theory links the early life hypothesis of life beginning in hydrothermal vents on Earth with modern day multicellular organisms.

Presentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William...

Presentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William Shakespeares Hamlet It is hard to determine the intentions of William Shakespeare when he wrote Hamlet without looking at the social, historical and ethical context in which it was conceived. From the cover notes found within the Longman Literature edition, we can deduce that it is Shakespeares most well known play and, written during the year 1602, it was one of his later works. At this time, revenge was a very popular theme for plays and there is evidence if this in the vast number of plays about revenge that were written at the start of the seventeenth century. Throughout the play, Hamlet is shown as being a planner and this is†¦show more content†¦For example, Polonius would not have been killed because Hamlet would not have mistaken him for the king. Ophelia would not have committed suicide because Hamlet would have treated her better and Laertes would have no cause to fight Hamlet and lose his life in the process, and then Hamlet himself would have survived the tragic escapades found within the closing acts of the play. Hamlet can appear to be quite brutal and insensitive towards certain characters in the play, in particular, Ophelia, Polonius, Gertrude (his mother), Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He does however, have a reason for his treatment of these people. In the case of the kings courtiers, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, they can be seen as plotting against Hamlet and being two faced in their treatment of him. There is evidence to support this in act three, scene three, when Guildenstern assures the king that We will our selves provide. Most holy and religious fear it is to keep those many bodies safe that live and feed on your majesty. This shows that they respect the king and understand it to be their religious duty to protect the general public from Hamlet. This is ironic, as Polonius will soon be dead to the sword of Hamlet. However, at the time that this play was written, revenge plays were very popular with audiences and playwrights alike and this would conceivably made theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. 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Driving at 16 Free Essays

In the state of Pennsylvania you can obtain a driver’s license at 16 years of age. There are a lot of disadvantages for teens driving at that age. Statistics and research show that their brains aren’t fully develop, they don’t have enough hours or time driving under the different weather conditions, they are more prone to having accidents, and their insurance rates are high. We will write a custom essay sample on Driving at 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now You would think teenagers would be the world’s best drivers. Their muscles are supple and their reflexes are quick. Though car crashes are the leading cause of death more than drugs, guns, violence, or any disease. The National Institutes of Health conducted a research on brain immaturity of teenagers and how it can affect the driving and their judgment. The study shows that the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior is not fully developed until about the age 25 which greatly impacts the nations driving laws. Here is a diagram showing how the brain matures from age 5 to 20. This just simply proves how teenagers and there lack of judgment and impulse can improve through maturity by age. Besides the maturity level of the brain of a teenager, another disadvantage is the hours driving under the wheel. They currently do not have enough hours and time driving under different weather climates to understand how that can affect maturity of their driving. In Pennsylvania, 16 year olds only have to drive for 50 hours and can obtain a junior license after 6 months of driving. So for an example you get your permit in April you can have your junior license in October. What about the winter months? That’s an important month because that’s deals with snow and ice factors. A third disadvantage for 16 year olds are accident rates are high. Teenagers are four times more likely than older drivers to be involved in a car crash and three times as likely to die in one, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. In 2008, PennDOT released an article on: Reminding Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. There was 23,059 crashes involving teenager driving and out of those crashes 194 fatalities. In 2009, Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics show there were 22,473 crashes and 186 involving fatalities. Even though the percentage has gone down a little, that’s still way too many. Too many teenagers now a days talk and text while driving, continue to eat or drink, don’t wear seat belts, listening to loud music, goofing off with their friends, and have too many friends in the car. Then what happens is you lose focus on the road, the traffic around you, and causes you to have an accident. Which will affect your driving record and your insurance rate will go even higher. Which brings me to the final reason why driving at 16 has a disadvantage is the insurance rates are high. Teenage male drivers are 3 times a higher risk than teenage female drivers. A 78% statistic shows through Bureau of Highway Safety and Traffic Engineering and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation that more teenage males tend to have accidents. They also like to race each other in streets and tend to get more driving tickets. Even though taking the driving course through your school or driving class may help it still is a high rate. Plus teenagers are under their parents insurance until they reach 18. So if the parent has an excellent driving record and the teenager is careless or has an accident this than affects the parents. Which I think is unfair. It should affect the teen not the parent. Here are some solutions to all these disadvantages for a 16 year old having a driver’s license in the state of Pennsylvania. Right away I would raise the age to 17. I would than raise the hours of driving from 50 hours to 75 to start. I would also make it that instead of 6 months to obtaining a junior driver’s license; you would have 9 to 10 months until you can obtain one. That way you can be able to learn how to drive under all weather conditions. I also feel that teenagers should only be able to drive back and forth to work like a bread and butter license until you reach a certain number of hours and your driving record is clean. Change the time frame for allowing teenagers to drive. An example would be from 6 a. m. to 10 p. m. after that someone over the age of 18 would have to drive. The number of passenger’s in a car would be changed to only allowing 1 person under the age of 18 in a car. Since you would have to be 17 now to drive, I would also make it that you can obtain your own insurance policy. Or, if you or your parents want you under their policy it would only affect you if you get into an accident or get tickets. In some counties they have passed that you can’t text or talk on a phone while driving. They should pass this everywhere. This would all help reduce the accident rates and insurance rates. It is clear that if we could get some new laws passed or raise the age, this would resolve a lot statistics of teenage driving. In return they would be more mature and would make better choices and decisions. REFERENCES: The Washington Post (2005). The Developing Brain. Retrieved from http://washingtonpost. com DMV. org (2011 September 26). Pennsylvania Teen Drivers Guide. Retrieved from http://www. dmv. org PRNewswire (2011 September 26). PennDOT Reminds Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. Retrieved from http://www. prnewswire. com PennDOT (2009). Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from http://www. dot. state. pa. us The Daily Local (2011). Maturity Level of the Brain. Retrieved from http://www. dailylocal. com How to cite Driving at 16, Papers

Legal System and Legal Research in the Republic of South

Question: Describe about tribunal to observe a case and summarise the case together with the decisions of the panel. Outline the strengths and weaknesses of tribunals in the UK (visitors badge or attendance certificate from the tribunal need be attached as evidence). Answer: Introduction The tribunals in the United Kingdom are basically a part of the national system of the administrative department, but are being classified as the non-departmental public bodies. It was being formed under the circumstances of having a minority class in the judicial system on an ad hoc basis. Since 2007, there have been discussions as well, with the help of which the departmental changes are being made in order to make sure that this particular biased system can be avoided on the grounds having an effective scenario for these people in the country. The discussions are being made by the senior vice president of the tribunal group in order to have an effective scenario for them in the long run. The tribunal have been engaging itself in the activities that are actually leading for the benefits to this group of people. It was only in the year 2007, when the government of UK had passed an act for the purpose of legally accepting people from this group as members of the judiciary system in the United Kingdom. The Tribunals, courts and enforcement acts has been the laying down the principles of accepting this group of people as the member of judiciary in UK. According to this act, the tribunals were basically divided in certain groups that would determine most of the scenarios as per the requirements and the needs of these people. This step taken by the government of UK had led this group of people to make sure that even they can take an active participation in order to bring their class of people as a necessary aspect to set the demand for the whole economy together. Hence, it can be said that in most of the scenarios, it becomes an important aspect for the government of UK to make sure that Tribunals are included in the decision making process of the government. (Improvement Of The Resolution Of Sen sory Panels, 2016) Summary of the Case There have been lots of cases where the people in UK have gone against the system, disrespecting the existence of Tribunals. One of such cases has been the case between Ms William and MOD. These tribunals have been facing a difficult time in order to be the member of the judiciary to make sure that no disrespectful decisions has been taken. In this case as well there has been a situation where the EAT had actually dismissed the appeal of the claimant leading to an issue where the tribunal act had come in to existence. It is basically an appeal against the decision of the case, by the ET as it did not have any jurisdictions to basically hear the complained of the victimized. Therefore, it can be said that the equality act was not being followed for the people of this class. For this reason, it became an important factor for these people to come up with the scenario to make sure that they get equal rights in order to have a say in the decisions as taken by the higher authority. In most of the scenarios, it is the tribunal class people who are being suffering from these issues. The major reason behind the same has been the conflict in which these people are actually involved with or against the society. Apart from this, there have been situations where the in spite of having known the fact that a person from this group is actually on the favourable side, yet making a biased decisions, many a times the judge does not rule the case in favour of the tribunals as there has been no law regarding the matter to be judged and especially in the cases when these people are involved. The panel had not actually given a decision which would satisfy the people involved with the same. The major reason for the same has been the fact that the tribunals were not treated effectively in the case as it had led the people to make sure that they are being negatively responded towards the whole scenario. The observation has been according to the fact that the decision was biased enough for the people to come to the conclusion that the whole scenario was not in favour of the people from tribunal. Strengths of tribunals The existence of tribunals has been very much in the favour of them due to some of the major reasons. For the most important thing, i.e. the matters related to the court, tribunals do not have to wait for any kind of a court date in order to come to the conclusion. The decision taken will be less time consuming and the people involved with the same will be able to make sure that they are being able to put their views and arguments in the most effective manner. It can be regarded as one of the most important strengths for the tribunals as it would lead them to have an effective scenario for the betterment of their own society.(Text of IBM-Hitachi agreement establishing dispute resolution panel, 1983) Not only this, as the involvement of the court would not be there, the expenses to come on to a decision would not be expensive enough for the people to bear. The major reason for this is the fact that presence of court would actually lead to the whole scenario to get a reduction in the cost to nil. Therefore, it can be said that in most of the cases, the cost related to the same would not be incurred and hence for this reason this can be considered as one of the major strengths of tribunals.(Findlaw, 2016) It is simple and cost effective both as there are no complications as such to follow certain rules and regulations. It is simple as it does not involve any form of complications as there are no complications of the rules and regulations which are to be followed by the court to come to a conclusion for the claimant. This simplicity and cost effective aspect leads to the fact of having an effective scenario. Weaknesses of Tribunals The absence of rules and regulations doesnt mean that there is no law which is to be followed. There are certain laws, which are quite ineffective in nature. The rules and regulation has been complex because of which the ineffectiveness can be observed. Apart from this as well, there should be evidence enough for people to produce in front of the authority to make an appeal or something to prove their respective points. Hence, this can be considered as one of the weaknesses of the tribunals. This weakness of the tribunals would lead them to make sure that they have to produce proper evidences in order to decide all the necessary aspects. (Jurisdiction of Choice, 2016) Imbalance of power is also considered to be as a weakness ad it is an important aspect to determine who is going to determine all these facets of the case. The rules and regulations as made by the society of tribunals are to be followed in making any sort of a decision. These are the basic weaknesses of the tribunals as it would help the people in the group to make sure that the whole scenario is effectively used and no biased decisions has been taken or executed for the betterment of their respective society. (Brooker and Lavers, 1997) Importance of alternative dispute resolution system The dispute resolution system has been effectively utilised by the government of UK as in the presence of this system, all the groups which are not the respective member of the judiciary. In this scenario the alternative dispute resolution system is effectively utilised. This alternative dispute resolution system has been one of the major reasons for the court of law to determine any particular cases in the presence of which the company can actually lead to an effective rules and regulations. (cps.gov.uk, 2016) There are scenarios where the court is not being able to come to a conclusion for a group, where the normal laws cannot be applied. Apart from this, the whole scenario is to be actually modified as per the need of the group. Therefore, these aspects are actually dealt with the needful laws and regulations as per the effective processes to make sure that there is no biases aspect from the court of law. Hence, it should be that with the presence of having the best alternative dispute resolution system, the UK government has been taking an active role in the determination of the same. This alternative dispute system also has certain rules and regulations which are being effectively utilized for the purpose of having the most effective scenario for the groups which are not being considered as the member of the judiciary system of the country. Other than that most of the scenarios in these cases have been effectively utilized for the betterment of the tribunal group.. (Nyulawglobal, 2016) Types of alternative dispute resolutions available There have been different types of dispute resolution system available to the government of UK. It is because of this variety of the system, the tribunals are being able to get the justice in the matters where it becomes difficult for them to actually gain the same. Hence for this reason most of the times, the necessary decisions are taken by the society and the government together. For this particular reason, the UK government has come up with the concept of having alternative dispute resolutions as well, in place of the usual course of law. In this regard, the excessive decisions of the court of law are to be executed only when the whole matter is actually concluded that it is of a group where the court of law had decided for a fact that the normal laws would not be applied on them. Therefore the existence of having an alternative dispute system leads the economy to have rules and regulation for almost all the classes of people.(Study.com, 2016) Hence, it can be said that once the economy had decided to issue a new law for a group which is different from that of the normal citizens of the country, these alternative aspects are introduced. Hence, it can be said that these different types of dispute resolution system plays an important role in the determination of law which would effectively initiate the problem solving matters of the different groups in UK. References An Overview of the Legal System and Legal Research in the Republic of South Sudan - GlobaLex. 2016.An Overview of the Legal System and Legal Research in the Republic of South Sudan - GlobaLex. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/South_Sudan.html. [Accessed 25 March 2016]. Brooker, P. and Lavers, A. (1997). Perceptions of alternative dispute resolution as constraints upon its use in the UK construction industry.Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp.519-526. Cps.gov.uk. (2016).Restorative Justice: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service. [online] Available at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/restorative_justice/ [Accessed 25 Mar. 2016]. Dispute Resolution. (1989).Anthropology News, 30(4), pp.23-23. England And Wales, Jurisdication Of Choice". N.p., 2016. Web. 25 Mar. 2016. Findlaw. (2016).Glossary: Courts and the Law - FindLaw. [online] Available at: https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/glossary-courts-and-the-law.html [Accessed 25 Mar. 2016]. "Improvement Of The Resolution Of Sensory Panels".Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists(2016): n. pag. Web. Judiciary.gov.uk. (2016).Tribunal. [online] Available at: https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-justice-system/jurisdictions/tribunal-jurisdiction/ [Accessed 25 Mar. 2016]. The Court System: Trial, Appellate Supreme Court - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. 2016.The Court System: Trial, Appellate Supreme Court - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. [ONLINE] Available at:https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-court-system-trial-appellate-supreme-court.html. [Accessed 25 March 2016]. Text of IBM-Hitachi agreement establishing dispute resolution panel. (1983).Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, 1(12), pp.3-31.